Particles
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は wa
This is the topic marker. Used when changing or refreshing topics in conversation
わたしは watashi wa - 'I' The 'I' is the big idea of what is being talked about. Always translated as 'I' never 'me.'
が ga
This is the subject marker. The one doing the action. わたしが watashi ga - 'I' The 'I' is the subject of the action. Always translated as 'I' never 'me.'
を o
This is the direct object marker. The thing acted upon.
コーヒを のみます。
kouhi o nomimasu
(I) drink coffee.
へ e
This is a directional marker. to, toward
東京へいきます。
toukyou e ikimasu
(I) am going to Tokyo. (can also use に)
に ni
This is a multipurpose marker:
- indirect object (receiver)
本をあなたにあげます。
hon o anata ni agemasu
(I) give you a book. - place where something is going to 東京にいきます。
toukyou ni ikimasu
(I) am going to Tokyo. (can also use へ) - time (at, in)
7時にしゅっぱつ。
shichi ji ni shuppatsu
(I) will leave at 7. - in/at a place
東京にすんでいます。
toukyou ni sundeimasu
(I) live in Tokyo. - purpose (to) コーヒにしましょう。
kouhi ni shimashou
Let's have coffee.
で de
This is also a multipurpose marker:
- by means of
くるまでいきましょう。
kurumadeikimashou
Let's go by (means of) car. - place where the action happens
いえでテレビをみます。
ie de terebi o mimasu
(I) watch tv at home. - cause, reason
たいふうで木がたおれました。
taifuu de ki ga taoremashita
Because of the typhoon, a tree fell.
から kara
- from (a starting point in time or place)
アメリカ から きました。
amerika kara kimashita.
(I) came from America.
まで made
- until, through, as far as
- TIME:
私は7時から8時まで日本語を勉強します。
watashi wa shichi ji kara hachi ji made nihongo wo benkyou shimasu.
I study Japanese from seven until eight.
- PLACE:
ここから東京まで30分かかりました。
koko kara toukyou made sanjuppun kakarimashita.
From here to Tokyo, it took 30 minutes.
の no
- 's, of (possessive)
私の本です。
watashi no hon desu.
(it's) my book.
アメリカのフロリダ州から来ました。
amerika no furorida shuu kara kimashita.
(I) came from America's Florida state. (I came from Florida, America.)
とか toka
- and, or -> etc. (used in lists of 2 or more things and then the list continues)
学校で英語とかフランス語とかドイツ語などを勉強しました。
gakkou de eigo toka furansu go toka doitsu go nado wo benkyou shimashita.
In school, I studied English, and French, and German...
何か飲む? お茶とかコーラとか。。。
nanika nomu? ocha toka kora toka...
Wanna drink something? Tea... or Coke ... or...
や ya
- and -> etc. (used in lists of 2 or more nouns and then the list continues)
お茶やコーヒーがあ る。
ocha ya ko-hi- ga aru.
(We) have tea and coffee...
も mo
- also, too
私も熊のプーさんが好き。
watashi mo kuma no pu-san ga suki.
I like Winnie the Pooh too!
ドイツ語も話せる。
doitsu go mo hanaseru.
I can also speak German.
が ga
- but
熊のプーさんが 好きですが どらえもんは あまり 好き じゃない。
kuma no pu-san ga suki desu ga, Doraemon wa amari suki ja nai.
I like Winnie the Pooh but I don't like Doraemon too much.
NOTE: The first ga in the above example is the subject marker
毎日練習しますが。。。
mainichi renshuu shimasu ga...
Everyday I practice but...
けれども keredomo
(Also けれど, けど)
- although, though
でも demo
- but
しかし shikashi
- but, however
