Potential verb - Revision history

Blutorange at 16:14, 21 May 2010

2010-05-21T16:14:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:14, 21 May 2010
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	[[Category:Grammar]]		[[Category:Grammar]]

-	A potential verb is a compound conjugation of a base verb with a [[helper verb]] expressing the potential (possibility of doing verb action exists) of that base verb. It can usually be translated with English phrases such as "can" or "be able to".	+	A potential verb (可能動詞 kanou doushi) is a compound conjugation of a base verb with a [[helper verb]] expressing the potential (possibility of doing verb action exists) of that base verb. It can usually be translated with English phrases such as "can" or "be able to".

	==Formation==		==Formation==
		+
	Conjugations are given in [[終止形]] for CJ ([[Classical Japanese]]) conjugation and [[連体形]] for the otherwise.		Conjugations are given in [[終止形]] for CJ ([[Classical Japanese]]) conjugation and [[連体形]] for the otherwise.

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	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
		+
	Earlier texts use -ら and -らゆ as a potential form instead of -る and -らる. Which of these forms came first is not known nor exactly how they were formed.		Earlier texts use -ら and -らゆ as a potential form instead of -る and -らる. Which of these forms came first is not known nor exactly how they were formed.

Blutorange at 15:59, 21 May 2010

2010-05-21T15:59:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:59, 21 May 2010
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	==Formation==		==Formation==
-	Conjugations are given in [[~~shuushikei~~]] for [[CJ]] (Classical Japanese) conjugation and [[~~rentaikei~~]] for the otherwise.	+	Conjugations are given in [[終止形]] for CJ ([[Classical Japanese]]) conjugation and [[連体形]] for the otherwise.

-	[[~~Godan verb~~]]	+	[[五段活用動詞]]

	CJ potential		CJ potential
-	add -ru to [[~~mizenkei~~]]	+	add -る to [[未然形]]

	long potential		long potential
-	add -~~reru~~ to ~~mizenkei~~	+	add -れる to 未然形

	short potential		short potential
-	add -~~eru~~ to ~~renyoukei~~	+	add -得る to [[連用形]]
-	often the -~~ieru~~ contracts to -~~eru~~	+	often the -いえる contracts to -える (eg いきえる > いける)
-	(common forms that never contract: ~~arieru~~)	+	(common forms that never contract: 有り得る)

-	[[~~Ichidan verb~~]]	+
		+	(上/下)[[一段活用動詞]] and (上/下)[[二段活用動詞]]

	CJ potential		CJ potential
-	add -~~raru~~ to ~~mizenkei~~	+	add -らる to 未然形

	long potential		long potential
-	add -~~rareru~~ to ~~mizenkei~~	+	add -られる to 未然形

	short potenital		short potenital
-	~~change last syllable to e-row and~~ add ~~-ru~~	+	add れる to 連用形

	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
-	Earlier texts use -ra and -~~rayu~~ as a potential form instead of -ru and -~~raru~~. Which of these forms came first is not known nor exactly how they were formed.	+	Earlier texts use -ら and -らゆ as a potential form instead of -る and -らる. Which of these forms came first is not known nor exactly how they were formed.

-	However, it is almost certain that forming the potential utilizes and ~~uru~~ (to get, obtain) and for some forms possibly ~~aru~~ (to be).	+	However, it is almost certain that forming the potential utilizes and 得る(う) (to get, obtain) and for some forms possibly 有る (to be).

	The long potential is the same as the CJ potential with the following changes having taken place.		The long potential is the same as the CJ potential with the following changes having taken place.

-	Modern Japanese abandoned the use of the ~~shuushikei~~ verb form and uses the ~~rentaikei~~ as a predicative (for "ending" sentences) instead. Forming the ~~rentaikei~~ adds a -ru to the ~~shuushikei~~. Moreover, modern Japanese reduced the conjugation classes verbs belong to, resulting in a change of -~~uru~~ to -~~eru~~.	+	Modern Japanese abandoned the use of the 終止形 verb form and uses the 連体形 as a predicative (for "ending" sentences) instead. Forming the 連体形 adds a -る to the 終止形. Moreover, modern Japanese reduced the conjugation classes verbs belong to, resulting in a change of -得(う)る to -得(え)る.

-	The origin of the short potential is quite clear though. Godan verbs simply add ~~eru~~ (to get, obtain) to the ~~renyoukei~~. For most verbs, the i sound of the renyoukei contracts with the e sound of ~~eru~~ as descibed in ~~Formation~~.	+	The origin of the short potential is quite clear though. Godan verbs simply add 得る (to get, obtain) to the 連用形. For most verbs, the イ sound of the renyoukei contracts with the エ sound of 得る as descibed in formation.

	The short potential of Ichidan verbs is likely an analogy to Godan verbs.		The short potential of Ichidan verbs is likely an analogy to Godan verbs.

Blutorange: using PC wo JP support / page needs formatting

2010-05-20T01:46:47Z

using PC wo JP support / page needs formatting

New page

[[Category:Grammar]]

A potential verb is a compound conjugation of a base verb with a [[helper verb]] expressing the potential (possibility of doing verb action exists) of that base verb. It can usually be translated with English phrases such as "can" or "be able to".

==Formation==
Conjugations are given in [[shuushikei]] for [[CJ]] (Classical Japanese) conjugation and [[rentaikei]] for the otherwise.

[[Godan verb]]

CJ potential
add -ru to [[mizenkei]]

long potential
add -reru to mizenkei

short potential
add -eru to renyoukei
often the -ieru contracts to -eru
(common forms that never contract: arieru)

[[Ichidan verb]]

CJ potential
add -raru to mizenkei

long potential
add -rareru to mizenkei

short potenital
change last syllable to e-row and add -ru

==Etymology==
Earlier texts use -ra and -rayu as a potential form instead of -ru and -raru. Which of these forms came first is not known nor exactly how they were formed.

However, it is almost certain that forming the potential utilizes and uru (to get, obtain) and for some forms possibly aru (to be).

The long potential is the same as the CJ potential with the following changes having taken place.

Modern Japanese abandoned the use of the shuushikei verb form and uses the rentaikei as a predicative (for "ending" sentences) instead. Forming the rentaikei adds a -ru to the shuushikei. Moreover, modern Japanese reduced the conjugation classes verbs belong to, resulting in a change of -uru to -eru.

The origin of the short potential is quite clear though. Godan verbs simply add eru (to get, obtain) to the renyoukei. For most verbs, the i sound of the renyoukei contracts with the e sound of eru as descibed in Formation.

The short potential of Ichidan verbs is likely an analogy to Godan verbs.

==Usage==

The CJ potential is not used normally anymore except for literary purposes &c. For Ichidan verbs, the short potential is considered colloquial and not standard usage. For Godan verbs, both forms are possible. The long potential is considered more formal however.

It may be that the using the short potential is influenced by the fact that the long potential is ambigous; it may also express a passive or a honorific; the short potential is unambigious. Preference might be given to the short potential to avoid this ambiguity.